Borrelia burgdorferi is the causative agent of Lyme disease and is transmitted to vertebrate
hosts by Ixodes spp. ticks. The spirochaete relies heavily on its arthropod host for basic …

Lyme disease Borrelia are obligately parasitic, tick-transmitted, invasive, persistent bacterial
pathogens that cause disease in humans and non-reservoir vertebrates primarily through …

Chemotaxis enables microorganisms to move according to chemical gradients. Although
this process requires substantial cellular energy, it also affords key physiological benefits …

In little more than 30 years, Lyme disease, which is caused by the spirochaete Borrelia
burgdorferi, has risen from relative obscurity to become a global public health problem and a …

The complement system is an essential player in innate and adaptive immunity. It consists of
three pathways (alternative, classical, and lectin) that initiate either spontaneously …

The spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi is a tick-borne obligate parasite whose normal reservoir
is a variety of small mammals. Although infection of these natural hosts does not lead to …

Transmission of leptospirosis occurs through contact of mucous membranes and abraded
skin with freshwater contaminated by pathogenic Leptospira spp. Exposure to physiological …

Human pathogenic spirochetes causing Lyme disease belong to the Borrelia burgdorferi
sensu lato complex. Borrelia burgdorferi organisms are extracellular pathogens transmitted …

Spirochete motility is enigmatic: It differs from the motility of most other bacteria in that the
entire bacterium is involved in translocation in the absence of external appendages. Using …

Pathogenic spirochetes are bacteria that cause a number of emerging and re-emerging
diseases worldwide, including syphilis, leptospirosis, relapsing fever, and Lyme borreliosis …