Mammalian cells express a variety of innate immune proteins—known as restriction factors—
which defend against invading retroviruses such as HIV-1. Two members of the tripartite …

Abstract Purpose of Review Tripartite motif (TRIM) proteins are a large group of E3 ubiquitin
ligases involved in different cellular functions. Of special interest are their roles in innate …

Background: Pathological cardiac hypertrophy is one of the leading causes of heart failure
with highly complicated pathogeneses. The E3 ligase TRIM16 (tripartite motif–containing …

The innate antiviral response is integral in protecting the host against virus infection. Many
proteins regulate these signaling pathways including ubiquitin enzymes. The ubiquitin …

TRIM5 is a RING domain E3 ubiquitin ligase with potent antiretroviral function. TRIM5
assembles into a hexagonal lattice on retroviral capsids, causing envelopment of the …

TRIM5 proteins are restriction factors that block retroviral infections by binding viral capsids
and preventing reverse transcription. Capsid recognition is mediated by C-terminal domains …

Type 1 interferon suppresses viral replication by upregulating the expression of interferon-
stimulated genes with diverse antiviral properties. The replication of human …

Restriction factors and pattern recognition receptors are important components of intrinsic
cellular defenses against viral infection. Mammalian TRIM5α proteins are restriction factors …

The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) ensures regulation of the protein pool in the cell by
ubiquitination of proteins followed by their degradation by the proteasome. It plays a central …

The innate immune system responds rapidly to protect against viral infections, but an
overactive response can cause harmful damage. To avoid this, the response is tightly …