The pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) is a glucose-oxidizing pathway that runs in parallel
to upper glycolysis to produce ribose 5-phosphate and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide …

The centenary of insulin discovery represents an important opportunity to transform diabetes
from a fatal diagnosis into a medically manageable chronic condition. Insulin is a key …

Triglyceride molecules represent the major form of storage and transport of fatty acids within
cells and in the plasma. The liver is the central organ for fatty acid metabolism. Fatty acids …

Glucose homeostasis is tightly regulated to meet the energy requirements of the vital organs
and maintain an individual's health. The liver has a major role in the control of glucose …

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of liver dysfunction in
the Western world and is increasing owing to its close association with obesity and insulin …

Non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a continuous spectrum of diseases
characterized by excessive lipid accumulation in hepatocytes. NAFLD progresses from …

One of the central regulators of cellular and organismal metabolism in eukaryotes is AMP-
activated protein kinase (AMPK), which is activated when intracellular ATP production …

It is widely known that the liver is a central organ in lipogenesis, gluconeogenesis and
cholesterol metabolism. However, over the last decades, a variety of pathological conditions …

The worldwide rising prevalence of obesity and insulin resistance is associated with a
parallel increase in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). NAFLD is characterized by …

Mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2) phosphorylates and activates AGC
kinase family members, including Akt, SGK1, and PKC, in response to insulin/IGF1. The liver …