Over the past several decades, there has been an upward trend in the total number of spinal
fusion procedures worldwide. Advanced spinal fusion techniques with or without internal …

Objective With the advances in biological technologies over the past 20 years, a number of
new therapies to promote bone healing have been introduced. Particularly in the spinal …

Recombinant bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) is a potent osteoinductive growth
factor that can promote bone regeneration for challenging skeletal repair and even for …

The development of bone substitute materials (BSMs) intended for load-bearing bone
defects is highly complicated, as biological and mechanical requirements are often …

OBJECTIVE Nonunion is a common complication of spinal fusion surgeries. Electrical
stimulation technologies (ESTs)—namely, direct current stimulation (DCS), capacitive …

OBJECTIVE Infuse bone graft is a widely used osteoinductive adjuvant; however, the simple
collagen sponge scaffold used in the implant has minimal inherent osteoinductive properties …

Pseudarthrosis following spinal fusion is correlated with poorer patient outcomes and
consequently is an area of continued interest within spinal research. Recently, bioactive …

BACKGROUND Bone tissue engineering is an area of continued interest within orthopaedic
surgery, as it promises to create implantable bone substitute materials that obviate the need …

Pseudarthrosis continues to affect a nontrivial proportion of spine fusion patients. Given its
ties to poorer patient outcomes and high reoperation rates, there remains great interest in …

A dynamic balance exists between osteogenesis and osteoclastogenesis in bone tissue,
which can lead to several bone diseases, such as osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, bone …