The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is activated in both acute and chronic pain. In this
Review, we discuss increasing evidence from rodent studies that ACC activation contributes …

Phenomena such as placebo analgesia or pain relief through distraction highlight the
powerful influence cognitive processes and learning mechanisms have on the way we …

Oxytocin is a well-known neurohypophysial hormone that plays an important role in
behavioral anxiety and nociception. Two major forms of long-term potentiation, presynaptic …

The mammalian nervous system encodes many different forms of pain, from those that arise
as a result of short-term low-grade interactions with noxious thermal, chemical, or …

Chronic pain is one of the most prevalent health problems in our modern world, with millions
of people debilitated by conditions such as back pain, headache and arthritis. To address …

Recent neuroimaging studies suggest that the brain adapts with pain, as well as imparts risk
for developing chronic pain. Within this context, we revisit the concepts for nociception, acute …

Chronic pain is a major medical problem that is resistant to conventional medical
intervention. It also causes emotional changes such as anxiety and fear. Furthermore …

Chronic pain can lead to anxiety and anxiety can enhance the sensation of pain.
Unfortunately, little is known about the synaptic mechanisms that mediate these re-enforcing …

Spinal sensory transmission is under descending biphasic modulation, and descending
facilitation is believed to contribute to chronic pain. Descending modulation from the …

Acute pain induces depressed mood, and chronic pain is known to cause depression.
Depression, meanwhile, can also adversely affect pain behaviors ranging from …