The use of sunscreens is an established and recommended practice to protect skin from
solar-induced damage. Around 30 UV filters can be used in sunscreen products in the …

Concern is growing about the potential effects of interacting multiple stressors, especially as
the global climate changes. We provide a comprehensive review of multiple stressor …

Sea temperatures in many tropical regions have increased by almost 1° C over the past 100
years, and are currently increasing at~ 1–2° C per century. Coral bleaching occurs when the …

Since the early 1980s, episodes of coral reef bleaching and mortality, due primarily to
climate-induced ocean warming, have occurred almost annually in one or more of the …

Coral reef ecosystems thrive in tropical oligotrophic oceans because of the relationship
between corals and endosymbiotic dinoflagellate algae called Symbiodinium …

It has been over 10 years since the phenomenon of extensive coral bleaching was first
described. In most cases bleaching has been attributed to elevated temperature, but other …

▪ Abstract Oxidative stress—the production and accumulation of reduced oxygen
intermediates such as superoxide radicals, singlet oxygen, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl …

Sea surface temperatures were warmer throughout 1998 at Sesoko Island, Japan, than in
the 10 preceding years. Temperatures peaked at 2.8° C above average, resulting in …

Coral reef bleaching, the temporary or permanent loss of photosynthetic microalgae
(zooxanthellae) and/or their pigments by a variety of reef taxa, is a stress response usually …

'It should be clear that the upper temperature limit for life cannot be accurately
defined'(Schmidt-Nielsen 1996). The thermal physiology of zooxanthellate reef corals is …