Globally, breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer among women. The major
unresolved problems with metastatic breast cancer is recurrence after receiving objective …

Long-term exposure to excess estrogen increases the risk of breast cancer and type 1
endometrial cancer. Most of the estrogen in premenopausal women is synthesized by the …

Glucocorticoid synthesis is a complex, multistep process that starts with cholesterol being
delivered to the inner membrane of mitochondria by StAR and StAR-related proteins. Here …

Aromatase is expressed in multiple tissues, indicating a crucial role for locally produced
oestrogens in the differentiation, regulation and normal function of several organs and …

Increased activity of amino acid transporters has been observed in a wide variety of cancers.
However, whether amino acid metabolism is related to estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) …

Steroid hormones are an important class of regulatory molecules that are synthesized in
steroidogenic cells of the adrenal, ovary, testis, placenta, brain, and skin, and influence a …

The cyclic-AMP response element-binding protein (CREB) is a nuclear transcription factor
activated by phosphorylation at Ser133 by multiple serine/threonine (Ser/Thr) kinases. Upon …

Endocrine therapy is currently the main therapeutic approach for estrogen receptor-positive
(ER+) breast cancer, the most frequent subtype of breast cancer in women worldwide. For …

Peripheral tissue metabolism of steroids (intracrinology) is now accepted as a key way in
which tissues, such as the endometrium, can utilise inactive steroids present in the blood to …

Breast cancer risk is strongly related to several reproductive and hormonal factors, but the
nature of the effects of endogenous oestrogens has been difficult to establish. Data are now …