Ionized calcium (Ca 2÷) is the most common signal transduction element in cells ranging
from bacteria to specialized neurons. Unlike many other second-messenger mo! ecules, Ca …

Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species can be used as a messengers in normal cell
functions. However, at oxidative stress levels they can disrupt normal physiological …

Cell signaling systems that contain positive-feedback loops or double-negative feedback
loops can, in principle, convert graded inputs into switch-like, irreversible responses …

Calmodulin (CaM) is a ubiquitous Ca 2+ receptor protein mediating a large number of
signaling processes in all eukaryotic cells. CaM plays a central role in regulating a myriad of …

Cell proliferation is orchestrated through diverse proteins related to calcium (Ca 2+)
signaling inside the cell. Cellular Ca 2+ influx that occurs first by various mechanisms at the …

During animal fertilizations, each oocyte or egg must produce a proper intracellular calcium
signal for development to proceed normally. As a supplement to recent synopses of …

The regulation of cellular function by hormones and extracellular molecules, which bind to
cell surface receptors, is initiated by signal transduction mech anisms at the plasma …

Acute and chronic injuries to the heart result in perturbation of intracellular calcium
signaling, which leads to pathological cardiac hypertrophy and remodeling …

Fertilization calcium waves are introduced, and the evidence from which we can infer
general mechanisms of these waves is presented. The two main classes of hypotheses put …

Many hormones, growth factors, and cytokines regulate proliferation of their target cells.
Perhaps the most universal signaling cascades required for proliferative responses are …