The gene encoding the receptor-tyrosine kinase RET was first discovered more than three
decades ago, and activating RET rearrangements and mutations have since been identified …

All malignant cancers, whether inherited or sporadic, are fundamentally governed by
Darwinian dynamics. The process of carcinogenesis requires genetic instability and highly …

The variety of diseases caused by mutations in RET receptor tyrosine kinase provides a
classic example of phenotypic heterogeneity. Gain-of-function mutations of RET are …

The paraganglioma (PGL) syndromes types 1–5 are autosomal dominant disorders
characterized by familial predisposition to PGLs, phaeochromocytomas (PCs), renal cell …

Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a rare type of tumor that originates from thyroid C cells
and accounts for 2–4% of all malignant thyroid neoplasms. MTC may occur sporadically or …

Background An age-related progression from C-cell hyperplasia to medullary thyroid
carcinoma is associated with various germ-line mutations in the rearranged during …

Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and related molecules, neurturin, artemin
and persephin, signal through a unique multicomponent receptor system consisting of RET …

The activation of the RET proto-oncogene contributes to the development of human cancers
in two different ways. Somatic rearrangements of RET with a variety of activating genes …

Four types of thyroid cancer comprise more than 98% of all thyroid malignancies. Papillary
thyroid carcinoma (PTC) may have a very benign course while undifferentiated thyroid …

Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are the main mediators of the signaling network that
transmit extracellular signals into the cell, and control cellular differentiation and …