Gonadal hormones play a key role in the establishment, activation, and regulation of the
hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis. By influencing the response and sensitivity to …

Compelling evidence exists for pervasive sex differences in pathological conditions,
including anxiety and depressive disorders, with females more than twice as likely to be …

Appropriate regulatory control of the hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenocortical stress axis is
essential to health and survival. The following review documents the principle extrinsic and …

Since Dr. Brizendine wrote The Female Brain ten years ago, the response has been
overwhelming. This New York Times bestseller has been translated into more than thirty …

Under normal conditions, the adrenal glucocorticoids, the endproduct of the hypothalamic‐
pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis, provide a frontline of defence against threats to homeostasis …

Virtually every eukaryotic cell has an endogenous circadian clock and a biological sex.
These cell-based clocks have been conceptualized as oscillators whose phase can be reset …

We examined the transcriptional regulation of the clock-controlled arginine vasopressin
gene in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN). A core clock mechanism in mouse SCN appears …

Understanding the mechanisms that give rise to sex differences in the behavior of
nonhuman animals may contribute to the understanding of sex differences in humans. In …

Vasopressin (Avp) is mainly synthesized in the magnocellular cells of the hypothalamic
supraoptic (SON) and paraventricular nuclei (PVN) whose axons project to the posterior …

Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are male-biased and characterized by deficits in social
behavior and social communication, excessive anxiety or hyperreactivity to stressful …