This article presents a review of the research into gas stirring in ladle metallurgy carried out
over the past few decades. Herein, the physical modeling experiments are divided into four …

In top–bottom combined blown converter-steelmaking process, cavity shape created by
oxygen jet of top lance impacting liquid metal surface and gas–liquid flow caused by bottom …

In the current study, mathematical models were developed to predict the transient
concentration and size distribution of inclusions in a two-strand continuous casting tundish …

A mathematical model has been developed to explain the effect of the number of nozzles on
recirculation flow rate in the RH process. Experimental data from water modeling were …

Gas stirring ladle is a complex three-phase reactor which contains phases whose interfaces
are in different scales. The bubble-liquid interaction also leads to multi-scale eddy …

There is a need for bubble-scale modeling of bubbly multiphase turbulent flow in gas-stirred
reactors, with a direct resolution of bubble formation, bubble shape, bubble deformation …

Ladle furnace is a key unit in which various phenomena such as deoxidation,
desulfurization, inclusion removal, and homogenization of alloy composition and …

The numerical solution of the population balance equation is frequently achieved by means
of discretization, ie, by the method of classes. An important concern of discrete formulations …

A grid-filtered scale interface-resolved volume of fluid (VoF) model coupling a sub-grid scale
large eddy simulation (LES) was used to directly simulate bubble behavior and the evolution …

A boundary layer model was developed to predict the capture of inclusions by steel–slag
interface in a turbulent fluid flow, which is based on the detailed analysis of inclusion …