Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is the outcome of an inflammatory process that is triggered
when an organ undergoes a transient reduction or cessation of blood flow, followed by re …

Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) during renal transplantation often initiates non-specific
inflammatory responses that can result in the loss of kidney graft viability. However, the long …

Understanding immunoregulatory mechanisms is essential for the development of novel
interventions to improve long-term allograft survival. Programmed death 1 (PD-1) and its …

Rejection is the major barrier to successful transplantation. The immune response to an
allograft is an ongoing dialogue between the innate and adaptive immune system that if left …

Until recently, necrosis is generally regarded as traumatic cell death due to mechanical
shear stress or other physicochemical factors, while apoptosis is commonly thought to be …

Inflammatory processes underlie a broad spectrum of conditions that injure the heart muscle
and cause both structural and functional deficits. In this article, we address current …

CD4+ T cell compartments in mouse and man are composed of multiple distinct subsets
each possessing unique phenotypic and functional characteristics. IL‐17‐producing CD4+ T …

The identification of T‐helper 9 (Th9), Th17, Th22 cells as distinct subsets of CD 4+ T cells
has extended the Th1/Th2 paradigm in the adaptive immunity. In the past decade, many …

The involvement of IL-17A in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases has prompted the
development of therapeutic strategies to block the Th17 pathway. Promising results came …

Background—Heart transplantation is a lifesaving procedure for patients with end-stage
heart failure. Despite much effort and advances in the field, current immunosuppressive …