The retina is a complex tissue with multiple cell layers that are highly ordered. Its
sophisticated structure makes it especially sensitive to external or internal perturbations that …

The human retina contains three types of glial cells: microglia and two types of macroglia,
astrocytes and Müller cells. Macroglia provide homeostatic and metabolic support to …

Inflammation is a complex biological response fundamental to how the body deals with
injury and infection to eliminate the initial cause of cell injury and effect repair. Unlike a …

A growing need exists for reliable in-vivo measurement of neuroinflammation to better
characterise the inflammatory processes underlying various diseases and to inform the …

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified genetic variants associated with
age-related macular degeneration (AMD), one of the leading causes of blindness in the …

Microglia are the only immune cells that permanently reside in the central nervous system
(CNS) alongside neurons and other types of glial cells. The past decade has witnessed a …

Diabetic retinopathy is a common complication of diabetes mellitus, which appears in one
third of all diabetic patients and is a prominent cause of vision loss. First discovered as a …

Background Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are complex conditions whose pathogenesis
may be attributed to gene–environment interactions. There are no definitive mechanisms …

Resident microglial cells can be regarded as the immunological watchdogs of the brain and
the retina. They are active sensors of their neuronal microenvironment and rapidly respond …

Microglial activation plays central roles in neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative
diseases. Positron emission tomography (PET) targeting 18 kDa Translocator Protein …