BACKGROUND Evolution is a strongly historical process, and evolutionary biology is a field
that combines history and science. How the historical nature of evolution affects the …

Evolution is an on-going process, and it can be studied experimentally in organisms with
rapid generations. My team has maintained 12 populations of Escherichia coli in a simple …

The outcomes of evolution are determined by a stochastic dynamical process that governs
how mutations arise and spread through a population. However, it is difficult to observe …

Can a heterotrophic organism be evolved to synthesize biomass from CO 2 directly? So far,
non-native carbon fixation in which biomass precursors are synthesized solely from CO 2 …

The long-term evolution experiment (LTEE) with Escherichia coli began in 1988 and it
continues to this day, with its 12 populations having recently reached 75,000 generations of …

Strigolactones (SLs) are a class of plant hormones that regulate numerous processes of
growth and development. SL perception and signal activation involves interaction between F …

Dual‐function sRNAs refer to a small subgroup of small regulatory RNAs that merges base‐
pairing properties of antisense RNAs with peptide‐encoding properties of mRNA. Both …

The roles of chance, contingency, and necessity in evolution are unresolved because they
have never been assessed in a single system or on timescales relevant to historical …

Populations often encounter changed environments that remove selection for the
maintenance of particular phenotypic traits. The resulting genetic decay of those traits under …

Adaptive laboratory evolution experiments provide a controlled context in which the
dynamics of selection and adaptation can be followed in real-time at the single-nucleotide …