Pathogenicity of most Gram-negative plant-pathogenic bacteria depends on the type III
secretion (T3S) system, which translocates bacterial effector proteins into plant cells. Type III …

Every plant is closely associated with a variety of living organisms. Therefore, deciphering
how plants interact with mutualistic and parasitic organisms is essential for a comprehensive …

Reversible protein ubiquitination plays a crucial role during the regulation of plant immune
signaling. E3 ubiquitin (Ub)-ligase enzymes, which are classified into different families …

Pathological hypertrophy (cell enlargement) plays an important role in the development of
citrus canker, but its regulators are largely unknown. Although WRKY22 is known to be …

Nuclear effector proteins released by bacteria, oomycete, nematode, and fungi burden the
global environment and crop yield. Microbial effectors are key weapons in the evolutionary …

Transcription activator-like (TAL) effectors are injected into host plant cells by Xanthomonas
bacteria to function as transcriptional activators for the benefit of the pathogen. The DNA …

METHODS OF USE 5,204.253 A 4/1993 Sanford et al. 5,276.268 A 1/1994 Strauch et al.
5,356,802 A 10/1994 Chandrasegaran (76) Inventors: Ulla Bonas, Halle (DE), Jens Boch …

The present invention refers to methods for selectively recognizing a base pair in a DNA
sequence by a polypeptide, to modified polypeptides which specifically recognize one or …

Plant pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria evade the host plant immune system by secreting
Type III (T3E) and Type IV effector (T4E) proteins into the plant cytoplasm. Mostly T3Es are …

Transcription activator-like effectors (TALEs) are virulence factors of Xanthomonas that
induce the expression of host susceptibility (S) genes by specifically binding to effector …