Lipid-based complex injectables are renowned for their effectiveness in delivering drugs,
with many approved products. While significant strides have been made in formulating …

The objective of this review is to survey the development of the optimization of lyophilization.
The optimization study of the lyophilizer has been roughly developing by the order of (i) trial …

This paper provides an organic overview of the most interesting continuous freeze-drying
concepts that have been proposed over the years. Attention has mainly been focused on the …

In response to the current trend in the pharmaceutical industry, a new concept for the freeze-
drying of pharmaceuticals in unit-doses is presented: the continuous freeze …

In pharmaceutical freeze-drying, the position of the product container (vial) on the shelf of
the equipment constitutes a major issue for the final product quality. Vials located at the shelf …

Vial design features can play a significant role in heat transfer between the shelf and the
product and, consequently, in the final quality of the freeze-dried product. Our objective was …

Freezing and freeze-drying processes are commonly used to improve the stability and thus
shelf life of pharmaceutical formulations. Despite strict product quality requirements, batch …

Freeze-drying, a drying unit operation frequently used in food, pharmaceutical, and
biopharmaceutical industries to prolong the shelf life of labile products, is an energy …

Primary drying is the most time-consuming and energy-intensive step in pharmaceutical
freeze-drying. Minimizing the duration of this stage is of paramount importance to speed up …

Equipment capability is an important factor in scale up and technology transfer for
lyophilized pharmaceutical products. Experimental determination of equipment capability …