Elite athletic competitions have separate male and female events due to men's physical
advantages in strength, speed, and endurance so that a protected female category with …

Anabolic–androgenic steroids (AAS) are a class of hormones that are widely abused for
their muscle-building and strength-increasing properties in high, nontherapeutic, dosages …

Background The cardiovascular safety of testosterone-replacement therapy in middle-aged
and older men with hypogonadism has not been determined. Methods In a multicenter …

Purpose: There has been a marked increase in testosterone prescriptions in the past
decade resulting in a growing need to give practicing clinicians proper guidance on the …

Iron plays a significant role in the body, and is specifically important to athletes, since it is a
dominant feature in processes such as oxygen transport and energy metabolism. Despite its …

Iron is required for many biological processes but is also toxic in excess; thus, body iron
balance is maintained through sophisticated regulatory mechanisms. The lack of a regulated …

Androgens are an important and diverse group of steroid hormone molecular species. They
play varied functional roles, such as the control of metabolic energy fate and partition, the …

Despite the high prevalence of performance-enhancing drug (PED) use, media attention has
focused almost entirely on PED use by elite athletes to illicitly gain a competitive advantage …

The hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis is of relevance in many processes related to the
development, maturation and ageing of the male. Through this axis, a cascade of …

Abstract The Testosterone Trials (TTrials) were a coordinated set of seven placebo-
controlled, double-blind trials in 788 men with a mean age of 72 years to determine the …