Traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains a major cause of death and disability worldwide.
Increasing evidence indicates that TBI is an important risk factor for neurodegenerative …

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the principal cause of death and disability in children and
young adults. Clinical and preclinical research efforts have been carried out to understand …

Background Microglial polarization with M1/M2 phenotype shifts and the subsequent
neuroinflammatory responses are vital contributing factors for spinal cord injury (SCI) …

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) alters microbial populations present in the gut, which may impact
healing and tissue recovery. However, the duration and impact of these changes on …

BACKGROUND We have previously shown that treatment with valproic acid (VPA)
decreases brain lesion size in swine models of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and controlled …

ABSTRACT Purpose/Aim: Animal models of traumatic brain injury (TBI) provide powerful
tools to study TBI in a controlled, rigorous and cost-efficient manner. The mostly used …

Hemorrhagic shock (HS) is a shock result of hypovolemic injury, in which the innate immune
response plays a central role in the pathophysiology ofthe severe complications and organ …

BACKGROUND Early treatment with valproic acid (VPA) has demonstrated benefit in
preclinical models of traumatic brain injury, including smaller brain lesion size, decreased …

Valproic acid (VPA) is a histone deacetylase inhibitor used clinically for neurological
disorders. It is also potentially useful as anti-fibrotic therapy as it reduced collagen …

Neuroinflammation initiated by damage-associated molecular patterns, including high
mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1), has been implicated in adverse neurological …