Nearly 130 years after the first insights into the existence of mitochondria, new
rolesassociated with these organelles continue to emerge. As essential hubs that dictate cell …

Melatonin is a ubiquitous hormone found in various organisms and highly affects the
function of immune cells. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the …

Central nervous system (CNS) is one of the largest killers of people's health all over the
world. The overactivation of the immune and inflammatory responses is considered as an …

With the advent of antiretroviral therapy (ART), HIV‐infected individuals are now living
longer and healthier lives. However, ART does not completely restore health and treated …

Opioids are the most widely used analgesics and therefore have often been the focus of
pharmacological research. Macrophages are the most plastic cells in the hematopoietic …

Accumulating evidence suggests that neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in
cardiovascular center contribute to the pathological processes underlying hypertension …

Mitochondria are central players in host immunometabolism as they function not only as
metabolic hubs but also as signaling platforms regulating innate immunity. Environmental …

Macrophages are essential components of the immune system. Macrophages can be
derived from the bone marrow of mice with either recombinant M-CSF or L929 supernatant …

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, autoimmune condition characterized by demyelinating
lesions and axonal degradation. Even though the cause of MS is heterogeneous, it is known …

Mitochondrial dysfunction increasingly becomes a target for promoting healthy aging and
longevity. The dysfunction of mitochondria with age ultimately leads to a decline in physical …