As a complex ecosystem of the human body, the intestinal flora maintains a dynamic
balance with the host and plays an irreplaceable role in life activities such as nutritional …

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a progressive disorder, which is increasing globally in
prevalence due to the increased incidence of obesity and diabetes mellitus. Despite optimal …

Trillions of microbes survive and thrive inside the human body. These tiny creatures are
crucial to the development and maturation of our immune system and to maintain gut …

The central role of the intestinal microbiota in the progression and, equally, prevention of
metabolic dysfunction is becoming abundantly apparent. The symbiotic relationship …

Unresolved low grade systemic inflammation represents the underlying pathological
mechanism driving immune and metabolic pathways involved in autoimmune diseases …

The tryptophan–kynurenine pathway (Trp–KYN) is the major route for tryptophan conversion
in the brain and in the periphery. Kynurenines display a wide range of biological actions …

In humans, a complex interaction between the host immune system and commensal
microbiota is required to maintain gut homeostasis. In this symbiotic relationship, the …

The gastrointestinal (GI) microbiota is the collection of microbes which reside in the GI tract
and represents the largest source of non-self antigens in the human body. The GI tract …

Rapid, accurate bacterial identification in biological samples is an important task for
microbiology laboratories, for which 16S rRNA gene Sanger sequencing of cultured isolates …

The role of the intestinal microbiota as a regulator of autoimmune diabetes in animal models
is well-established, but data on human type 1 diabetes are tentative and based on studies …