Renewal is a 'return of fear'manipulation in human fear conditioning to investigate learning
processes underlying anxiety and trauma. Even though renewal paradigms are widely used …

A growing literature has sought to combine fear conditioning paradigms with the trauma film
paradigm to study the associative learning properties of intrusive re-experiencing in PTSD …

Recent research findings indicate that human fear conditioning is affected by instructions,
particularly those concerning the contingency between the conditioned stimulus (CS) and …

Laboratory procedures have been used for decades as analogues for clinical processes
with the goal of improving our understanding of psychological treatments for emotional …

On the basis of substantial preclinical evidence, the endogenous cannabinoid system has
been proposed to be closely involved in stress reactivity and extinction of fear. Existing …

Abstract d-cycloserine (DCS), a partial NMDA-receptor agonist, seems to be a promising
enhancer for exposure therapy in anxiety disorders. It has been tested successfully in animal …

Exposure-based therapy is an effective treatment for social anxiety, but some patients
relapse. We used a novel virtual reality procedure to examine spontaneous recovery (ie, a …

Background Evidence-based treatments of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) aim to
promote fear extinction learning. Post-learning sleep, particularly slow wave sleep (SWS) …

Many patients who benefit from exposure-based therapy for anxiety disorders fail to maintain
their gains. Learned fear may return when they encounter phobic stimuli in a different …

Background and objectives In dual-tasking, individuals recall a threat-related memory while
performing a demanding dual-task. This is a fruitful approach to reduce the unpleasantness …