Macroautophagy and microautophagy are highly conserved eukaryotic cellular processes
that degrade cytoplasmic material in lysosomes. Both pathways involve characteristic …

Phosphoinositides are signalling lipids derived from phosphatidylinositol, a ubiquitous
phospholipid in the cytoplasmic leaflet of eukaryotic membranes. Initially discovered for their …

Metformin, the most prescribed antidiabetic medicine, has shown other benefits such as anti-
ageing and anticancer effects,,–. For clinical doses of metformin, AMP-activated protein …

Autophagosomes are double-membrane vesicles newly formed during autophagy to engulf
a wide range of intracellular material and transport this autophagic cargo to lysosomes (or …

Lysosomes are degradation centers and signaling hubs in cells and play important roles in
cellular homeostasis, development, and aging. Changes in lysosome function are essential …

Autophagy is a major intracellular degradation system that derives its degradative abilities
from the lysosome. The most well-studied form of autophagy is macroautophagy, which …

Lysosomes are single membrane-bound organelles containing acid hydrolases responsible
for the degradation of cellular cargo and maintenance of cellular homeostasis. Lysosomes …

Lysosomes have been classically considered terminal degradative organelles, but in recent
years they have been found to participate in many other cellular processes, including killing …

Autolysosomes contain components from autophagosomes and lysosomes. The contents
inside the autolysosomal lumen are degraded during autophagy, while the fate of …

Lysosomes are the primary degradative compartment within cells and there have been
significant advances over the past decade toward understanding how lysosome …