Reactive astrocytes are astrocytes undergoing morphological, molecular, and functional
remodeling in response to injury, disease, or infection of the CNS. Although this remodeling …

There is increasing evidence showing that the dynamic changes in the gut microbiota can
alter brain physiology and behavior. Cognition was originally thought to be regulated only by …

Statistical Rethinking: A Bayesian Course with Examples in R and Stan builds readers'
knowledge of and confidence in statistical modeling. Reflecting the need for even minor …

The vast majority of cerebral stroke cases are caused by transient or permanent occlusion of
a cerebral blood vessel (“ischemic stroke”) eventually leading to brain infarction. The final …

Arabidopsis thaliana is a long established model species for plant molecular biology,
genetics and genomics, and studies of A. thaliana gene function provide the basis for …

Antibiotics have saved countless lives and enabled the development of modern medicine
over the past 70 years. However, it is clear that the success of antibiotics might only have …

Having appropriate in vivo and in vitro systems that provide translational models for human
disease is an integral aspect of research in neurobiology and the neurosciences. Traditional …

Differential DNA methylation in the brain is associated with many psychiatric diseases, but
access to brain tissues is essentially limited to postmortem samples. The use of surrogate …

Infiltration by immune cells is a hallmark of most forms of malignancy. In this context, tumor-
associated macrophages (TAMs) represent key regulators of the complex interplay between …

Current diagnosis of depression is based solely on behavioral symptomatology. The
available US Food and Drug Administration–approved treatments for depression have come …