Cancer is characterized as a complex disease caused by coordinated alterations of multiple
signaling pathways. The Ras/RAF/MEK/ERK (MAPK) signaling is one of the best-defined …

Cancer cells are frequently confronted with metabolic stress in tumor microenvironments
due to their rapid growth and limited nutrient supply. Metabolic stress induces cell death …

Lactate (La−) has long been at the center of controversy in research, clinical, and athletic
settings. Since its discovery in 1780, La− has often been erroneously viewed as simply a …

The protein kinase complex mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) serves
as a key conduit between growth signals and the metabolic processes underlying cell …

Cancer cells have metabolic dependencies that distinguish them from their normal
counterparts. Among these dependencies is an increased use of the amino acid glutamine …

Malignant transformation of cells leads to enhanced glucose uptake and the conversion of a
larger fraction of pyruvate into lactate, even under normoxic conditions; this phenomenon of …

Glutamine is an abundant and versatile nutrient that participates in energy formation, redox
homeostasis, macromolecular synthesis, and signaling in cancer cells. These characteristics …

Continuous proliferation of tumor cells requires constant adaptations of energy metabolism
to rapidly fuel cell growth and division. This energetic adaptation often comprises …

Cancer cells display an altered metabolic circuitry that is directly regulated by oncogenic
mutations and loss of tumor suppressors. Mounting evidence indicates that altered …

The evolutionarily conserved kinase mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) couples cell
growth and metabolism to environmental inputs in eukaryotes. T cells depend on mTOR …