High-altitude illnesses (HAIs) result from acute exposure to high altitude/hypoxia. Numerous
molecular mechanisms affect appropriate acclimatization to hypobaric and/or normobaric …

In this review we integrate the scientific literature and results-proven practice and outline a
novel framework for understanding the training and development of elite long-distance …

The importance of carbohydrate as a fuel source for exercise and athletic performance is
well established. Equally well developed are dietary carbohydrate intake guidelines for …

The ketone bodies acetoacetate (AcAc) and β-hydroxybutyrate (βHB) have pleiotropic
effects in multiple organs including brain, heart, and skeletal muscle by serving as an …

Vitamins and minerals are of fundamental importance to numerous human functions that are
essential to optimise athlete performance. Athletes incur a high turnover of key vitamins and …

Recent years have brought about new understandings regarding the pathogenesis of
anemia in sports. From hemodilution and redistribution considered to contribute to the so …

Since the 1960s there has been an escalation in the purposeful utilization of altitude to
enhance endurance athletic performance. This has been mirrored by a parallel …

Nitrates have become increasingly popular for their potential role as an ergogenic aid. The
purpose of this article was to review the current scientific evidence of nitrate …

Immune outcomes are key mediators of many health benefits of exercise and are
determined by exercise type, dose (frequency/duration, intensity), and individual …

Because of the enduring rise in the prevalence of obesity worldwide, there is continued
interest in hypoxia as a mechanism underlying the pathophysiology of obesity and its …