Supplementing with creatine is very popular amongst athletes and exercising individuals for
improving muscle mass, performance and recovery. Accumulating evidence also suggests …

Taurine (a sulfur-containing β-amino acid), creatine (a metabolite of arginine, glycine and
methionine), carnosine (a dipeptide; β-alanyl-l-histidine), and 4-hydroxyproline (an imino …

Creatine is one of the most popular nutritional ergogenic aids for athletes. Studies have
consistently shown that creatine supplementation increases intramuscular creatine …

Although creatine has been mostly studied as an ergogenic aid for exercise, training, and
sport, several health and potential therapeutic benefits have been reported. This is because …

The pleiotropic effects of creatine (Cr) are based mostly on the functions of the enzyme
creatine kinase (CK) and its high-energy product phosphocreatine (PCr). Multidisciplinary …

Energy metabolism refers to the processes by which life transfers energy to do cellular work.
The retina's relatively large energy demands make it vulnerable to energy insufficiency. In …

Creatine kinase catalyses the reversible transphosphorylation of creatine by ATP. In the cell,
creatine kinase isoenzymes are specifically localized at strategic sites of ATP consumption …

Creatine and phosphocreatine serve not only as an intracellular buffer for adenosine
triphosphate, but also as an energy shuttle for the movement of high-energy phosphates …

Mitochondrial dysfunction has long been associated with neurodegenerative disease.
Therefore, mitochondrial protective agents represent a unique direction for the development …

A large body of evidence from postmortem brain tissue and genetic analysis in humans and
biochemical and pathological studies in animal models (transgenic and toxin) of …