Organismal ageing is accompanied by progressive loss of cellular function and systemic
deterioration of multiple tissues, leading to impaired function and increased vulnerability to …

Insulin resistance is the pivotal pathogenic component of many metabolic diseases,
including type 2 diabetes mellitus, and is defined as a state of reduced responsiveness of …

Tissues derive ATP from two pathways—glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle
coupled to the electron transport chain. Most energy in mammals is produced via TCA …

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the leading chronic liver disease worldwide. Its
more advanced subtype, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), connotes progressive liver …

The past 50 years have seen a growing ageing population with an increasing prevalence of
type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM); now, nearly half of all individuals with diabetes mellitus are …

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), one of the most common metabolic disorders, is caused
by a combination of two primary factors: defective insulin secretion by pancreatic β-cells and …

Obesity and type 2 diabetes are the most frequent metabolic disorders, but their causes
remain largely unclear. Insulin resistance, the common underlying abnormality, results from …

Obesity is one of the major health burdens of the 21st century as it contributes to the growing
prevalence of its related comorbidities, including insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes …

Insulin resistance (IR) plays a crucial role in the development and progression of
metabolism-related diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, tumors, and nonalcoholic fatty …

Skeletal muscle fat infiltration (known as myosteatosis) is an ectopic fat depot that increases
with aging and is recognized to negatively correlate with muscle mass, strength, and mobility …