Early adolescent substance use dramatically increases the risk of lifelong substance use
disorder (SUD). An adolescent sensitive period evolved to allow the development of risk …

Highlights•In harsh environments, people become more present-oriented.•Present-
orientation increases vigilance, impulsivity, and future discounting.•Present-orientation …

Ancestral environmental exposures to a variety of factors and toxicants have been shown to
promote the epigenetic transgenerational inheritance of adult onset disease. One of the …

The plus-maze, the light–dark box and the open-field are the main current tests of
unconditioned anxiety for mice and rats. Despite their disappointing achievements, they …

Vulnerability to emotional disorders including depression derives from interactions between
genes and environment, especially during sensitive developmental periods. Across …

The English and Romania Adoptees (ERA) study sought to capitalize on an invaluable"
natural experiment" in which there was a rapid, easily timed, transition from a profoundly …

The long-term impact of early stress on behavior and emotions is well documented in
humans, and can be modeled in experimental animals. In mice, maternal separation during …

Early trauma contributes to psychosocial disorders later in life. An adverse early
environment induced by maternal separation (MS) is known to alter behavioural and stress …

Background Childhood adversity is associated with increased risk for mood, anxiety,
impulse control, and substance disorders. Although genetic and environmental factors …

Serotonergic systems arising from the mid-rostrocaudal and caudal dorsal raphe nucleus
(DR) have been implicated in the facilitation of anxiety-related behavioral responses to …