G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs) constitute the largest family of membrane proteins in
the human genome and are important therapeutic targets. During the last decade, the …

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are privileged structural scaffolds in biology that have
the versatility to regulate diverse physiological processes. Interestingly, many GPCR ligands …

Morphine and fentanyl are among the most used opioid drugs that confer analgesia and
unwanted side effects through both G protein and arrestin signaling pathways of μ-opioid …

Hallucinogens like lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), psilocybin, and substituted N-benzyl
phenylalkylamines are widely used recreationally with psilocybin being considered as a …

Summary Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT]) 5-HT2-family receptors represent essential
targets for lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and all other psychedelic drugs. Although the …

Phosphorylation of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) by GPCR kinases (GRKs)
desensitizes G-protein signalling and promotes arrestin signalling, which is also modulated …

The κ-opioid receptor (KOR) has emerged as an attractive drug target for pain management
without addiction, and biased signaling through particular pathways of KOR may be key to …

After activation by an agonist, G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) recruit β-arrestin, which
desensitizes heterotrimeric G-protein signalling and promotes receptor endocytosis …

The two β-arrestins, β-arrestin-1 and-2 (systematic names: arrestin-2 and-3, respectively),
are multifunctional intracellular proteins that regulate the activity of a very large number of …

The actions of neuromodulation are thought to mediate the ability of the mammalian brain to
dynamically adjust its functional state in response to changes in the environment. Altered …