Influenza A viruses (IAVs) are contagious pathogens responsible for severe respiratory
infection in humans and animals worldwide. Upon detection of IAV infection, host immune …

The protonation state of soluble and membrane-associated macromolecules dictates their
charge, conformation, and functional activity. In addition, protons (H+ or their equivalents) …

Host dependency factors that are required for influenza A virus infection may serve as
therapeutic targets as the virus is less likely to bypass them under drug-mediated selection …

Influenza A virions possess two surface glycoproteins—the hemagglutinin (HA) and
neuraminidase (NA)—which exert opposite functions. HA attaches virions to cells by binding …

Influenza virus is a major human pathogen that causes annual epidemics and occasional
pandemics. Moreover, the virus causes outbreaks in poultry and other animals, such as pigs …

Influenza A virus strains adopt different host specificities mainly depending on their
hemagglutinin (HA) protein. Via HA, the virus binds sialic acid receptors of the host cell and …

Influenza hemagglutinin (HA) is the canonical type I viral envelope glycoprotein and
provides a template for the membrane-fusion mechanisms of numerous viruses. The current …

Hemagglutinin (HA) is the viral protein that facilitates the entry of influenza viruses into host
cells. This protein controls two critical aspects of entry: virus binding and membrane fusion …

Attachment to and fusion with cell membranes are two major steps in the replication cycle of
many human viruses. We focus on these steps for three enveloped viruses, ie, HIV-1, IAVs …

Upon endocytosis in its cellular host, influenza A virus transits via early to late endosomes.
To efficiently release its genome, the composite viral shell must undergo significant …