Recent advancements in the creation of artificial extra base pairs (unnatural base pairs,
UBPs) are opening the door to a new research area, xenobiology, and genetic alphabet …

While natural and synthetic N-nucleosides are vulnerable to enzymatic and acid-catalyzed
hydrolysis of the nucleosidic bond, their C-analogues are much more stable. Several C …

All biological information, since the last common ancestor of all life on Earth, has been
encoded by a genetic alphabet consisting of only four nucleotides that form two base pairs …

An unnatural base pair of 2-amino-6-(2-thienyl) purine (denoted by s) and pyridin-2-one
(denoted by y) was developed to expand the genetic code. The ribonucleoside triphosphate …

Chemical and biological diversity of protein structures and functions can be widely
expanded by position-specific incorporation of non-natural amino acids carrying a variety of …

Methods for the site-specific incorporation of extra components into nucleic acids can be
powerful tools for creating DNA and RNA molecules with increased functionality. We present …

Efforts to expand the genetic alphabet are predicated upon a stable and replicable third
base pair. Recent progress has resulted in the development of several candidates that are …

To support efforts to develop a 'synthetic biology'based on an artificially expanded genetic
information system (AEGIS), we have developed a route to two components of a non …

The development of unnatural, extra base pairs could expand genetic information, by
enabling the site-specific incorporation of functional components into nucleic acids and …

The introduction of chemical modifications into long RNA molecules at specific positions for
visualization, biophysical investigations, diagnostic and therapeutic applications still …