Operated since the end of 2009, the European Space Agency (ESA) Soil Moisture and
Ocean Salinity (SMOS) satellite mission is the first orbiting radiometer that collects regular …

Salinity is a key parameter that affects the surface, deep circulations, and heat transport of
oceans. Sea surface salinity (SSS) represents the salinity at the ocean surface and impacts …

Since 2009, three low frequency microwave sensors have been launched into space with
the capability of global monitoring of sea surface salinity (SSS). The European Space …

Satellite measurements have largely improved sea surface salinity (SSS) observations in the
recent decade, including Soil Moisture Ocean Salinity (SMOS), Aquarius/Satélite de …

A model function of seawater, which specifies the dielectric constant of seawater as a
function of salinity, temperature, and frequency, is important for the retrieval of sea surface …

Earlier studies have pointed out systematic differences between sea surface salinity
retrieved from L-band radiometric measurements and measured in situ, which depend on …

Measuring salinity from space is challenging since the sensitivity of the brightness
temperature (TB) to sea surface salinity (SSS) is low (about 0.5 K psu− 1), while the SSS …

For the first time, rain effects on the polarimetric observations of the global navigation
satellite system reflectometry (GNSS-R) are investigated. The physical feasibility of tracking …

The sea surface temperature (SST), ocean wind speed (OWS), and sea surface salinity
(SSS) are fundamental variables for understanding, monitoring, and predicting the state of …

Macroalgae are an economically significant and fast-growing global commodity. However,
pollution significantly affects the production and quality of macroalgae. Various studies have …