ACh is a signaling molecule in the mammalian CNS, with well-documented influence over
cognition and behavior. However, the nature of cholinergic signaling in the brain remains …

Visual processing is dynamically controlled by multiple neuromodulatory molecules that
modify the responsiveness of neurons and the strength of the connections between them. In …

Interindividual variation in behavior and brain activity is universal and provides substrates
for natural selection [1–9]. Selective pressures shift the expression of behavioral traits at the …

The serotonergic system has been widely studied across animal taxa and different functional
networks. This modulatory system is therefore well positioned to compare the consequences …

The 5-hydroxytrptamine 3 (5-HT3) receptor is a member of the'Cys-loop'family and the only
pentameric ligand gated ion channel among the serotonin receptors. 5-HT3 receptors play …

Gastropod mollusks are known for their large, individually identifiable neurons, which are
amenable to long-term intracellular recordings that can be repeated from animal to animal …

Highlights•Novel peptides and their roles in behaviors have been discovered.•Individual
neurons can vary in their participation in neuronal ensembles over time.•The same neuron …

Feeding behavior is one of the most fundamental behaviors in animals, and regulation of
this behavior is critical for proper food intake. The nematode Pristionchus pacificus exhibits …

The geneticist Thomas Dobzhansky famously declared:'Nothing in biology makes sense
except in the light of evolution'. A key evolutionary adaptation of Metazoa is directed …

Neuropeptides play essential roles in coordinating reproduction. Egg-laying hormone (ELH)
is conserved in genetic sequence and behavioral function across molluscs, where neuronal …