Temperament describes the idea that individual behavioural differences are repeatable over
time and across situations. This common phenomenon covers numerous traits, such as …

Recent studies suggest that populations and species often exhibit behavioral syndromes;
that is, suites of correlated behaviors across situations. An example is an aggression …

ABSTRACT A behavioral syndrome is a suite of correlated behaviors expressed either
within a given behavioral context (eg, correlations between foraging behaviors in different …

▪ Abstract The functional causes of life history trade-offs have been a topic of interest to
evolutionary biologists for over six decades. Our review of life history trade-offs discusses …

The vertebrate stress response helps animals respond to environmental dangers such as
predators or storms. An important component of the stress response is glucocorticoid (GC) …

Evolutionary biologists often use phenotypic differences between species and between
individuals to gain an understanding of organismal design. The focus of much recent …

Glucocorticoids hormones (GC s) are intuitively important for mediation of age‐dependent
vertebrate life‐history transitions through their effects on ontogeny alongside underpinning …

Life history theory seeks to explain the evolution of the major features of life cycles by
analyzing the ecological factors that shape age-specific schedules of growth, reproduction …

Recent progress has been made on the study of personality in animals, both from a
mechanistic and a functional perspective. While we start knowing more about the proximal …

We develop a conceptual framework for the understanding of animal personalities in terms
of adaptive evolution. We focus on two basic questions. First, why do behavioural types …