Background: A 2007 American College of Physicians guideline addressed pharmacologic
options for low back pain. New evidence and medications have now become available …

Back pain affects most adults, causes disability for some, and is a common reason for
seeking healthcare. In the United States, opioid prescription for low back pain has …

Importance Harms and benefits of opioids for chronic noncancer pain remain unclear.
Objective To systematically review randomized clinical trials (RCTs) of opioids for chronic …

Background: Opioid use, abuse, and adverse consequences, including death, have
escalated at an alarming rate since the 1990s. In an attempt to control opioid abuse …

Importance Opioid analgesics are commonly used for low back pain, however, to our
knowledge there has been no systematic evaluation of the effect of opioid dose and use of …

Abstract Background context The North American Spine Society's (NASS) Evidence Based
Clinical Guideline for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Low Back Pain features evidence …

Objective The aim of this study was to systematically review dextrose (D-glucose)
prolotherapy efficacy in the treatment of chronic musculoskeletal pain. Data Sources …

Objective. To assess the efficacy of opioids in adults with chronic low back pain (CLBP).
Summary of Background Data. Opioids for CLBP has increased dramatically. However, the …

Background The use of opioids in the long‐term management of chronic low‐back pain
(CLBP) has increased dramatically. Despite this trend, the benefits and risks of these …

In recent years, long-term prescribing and use of strong opioids for chronic noncancer pain
(CNCP) has increased in high-income countries. Yet existing uncertainties, controversies …