Protein secretion is an essential process in all eukaryotic cells and its mechanisms have
been extensively studied. Proteins with an N-terminal leading sequence or transmembrane …

Unless there are mechanisms to selectively retain membrane proteins in the endoplasmic
reticulum (ER) or in the Golgi apparatus, they automatically proceed downstream to the …

Autophagy is a well-defined catabolic mechanism whereby cytoplasmic materials are
engulfed into a structure termed the autophagosome. In plants, little is known about the …

Plant cell walls constitute the extracellular matrix surrounding plant cells and are composed
mainly of polysaccharides. The chemical makeup of the primary plant cell wall, and …

Macroautophagy/autophagy, a major catabolic pathway in eukaryotes, participates in plant
sexual reproduction including the processes of male gametogenesis and the self …

Many tip-growing cells are capable of responding to guidance cues, during which cells
precisely steer their growth toward the source of guidance signals. Though several players …

Flowering plants rely on the polarized growth of pollen tubes to deliver sperm cells (SCs) to
the embryo sac for double fertilization. In pollen, the vegetative nucleus (VN) and two SCs …

Membrane proteins on the tonoplast are indispensible for vacuolar functions in plants.
However, how these proteins are transported to the vacuole and how they become …

Pollen tubes rapidly elongate, penetrate, and navigate through multiple female tissues to
reach ovules for sperm delivery by utilizing a specialized form of polar growth known as tip …

Pollen tube tip growth is a widely used model ideally suited to study cellular processes
underlying polarized cell expansion. Local secretion supplying material for plasma …