This paper is the forty-fourth consecutive installment of the annual anthological review of
research concerning the endogenous opioid system, summarizing articles published during …

Morphinan-based opioids, derived from natural alkaloids like morphine, codeine and
thebaine, have long been pivotal in managing severe pain. However, their clinical utility is …

Opioid-related overdoses account for almost half of all drug overdose deaths in the United
States and cause more preventable deaths every year than car crashes. Fentanyl, a highly …

阿片类药物在疼痛治疗中发挥重要作用, 但其在有效控制各类型急性和慢性疼痛的同时,
也带来非医疗目的用药和药物成瘾的风险, 造成阿片类药物危机. 阿片受体在中枢神经系统广泛 …