Climate change contributes to the increased frequency and intensity of wildfires globally,
with significant impacts on society and the environment. However, our understanding of the …

Abstract Framed within the Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) of the European
Commission, the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) is …

Surface soil moisture (SM) is essential for existence of biotic lifeform and geophysical
processes. However, with increasing global warming due to climatic changes, its …

The Paris Agreement of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is a
binding international treaty signed by 196 nations to limit their greenhouse gas emissions …

The massive desiccation of the Aral Sea, the fourth largest lake in the world, has led to
severe ecological problems, expansion of cropland was thought to be the main factor driving …

This article presents coupled data assimilation (DA) activities at the European Centre for
Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). Coupled DA is an essential component of the …

The unprecedented progress in ensemble hydro‐meteorological modelling and forecasting
on a range of temporal and spatial scales, raises a variety of new challenges which formed …

We previously reported a notable warm bias in ERA5-Land soil temperature in permafrost
regions that was supposedly being caused by an underestimation of snow density. In this …

Snow dynamics play a critical role in the climate system, as they affect the water cycle,
ecosystems, and society. In climate modelling, the representation of the amount and extent …

Global hydrological reanalyses are modelled datasets providing information on river
discharge evolution everywhere in the world. With multi‐decadal daily timeseries, they …