Following nature's design principles, biological entities have evolved to be highly efficient
and multifunctional to maximize all the available materials and structures and to survive in …

Eight structural elements in biological materials are identified as the most common amongst
a variety of animal taxa. These are proposed as a new paradigm in the field of biological …

Biological materials are typically multifunctional but many have evolved to optimize a chief
mechanical function. These functions include impact or fracture resistance, armor and …

Fish scale is a unique natural biomaterial mainly composed of type I collagen and
hydroxyapatite. The highly ordered hierarchical microstructures and composition of fish …

Fish, reptiles, and mammals can possess flexible dermal armor for protection. Here we seek
to find the means by which Nature derives its protection by examining the scales from …

Natural protection offered to living beings is the result of millions of years of biological
revolution. The protections provided in fishes, armadillos, and turtles by unique hierarchal …

Nature provides many biological materials and structures with exceptional energy
absorption capabilities. Few, relatively simple molecular building blocks (eg, calcium …

The scales of the arapaima (Arapaima gigas), one of the largest freshwater fish in the world,
can serve as inspiration for the design of flexible dermal armor. Each scale is composed of …

The Teeth of Non-Mammalian Vertebrates is the first comprehensive publication devoted to
the teeth and dentitions of living fishes, amphibians and reptiles. The book presents a …

The structural constituents of tissues in organisms are composed primarily of minerals and
proteins. Collagen is the most common protein used to construct such natural materials in …