Despite decades of research aimed at identifying the causes of postpartum depression
(PPD), PPD remains common, and the causes are poorly understood. Many have attributed …

Estrogen (E 2) has many effects in the central nervous system, including effects on anxiety
and depression behavior. This review will address effects of E 2 on behaviors related to …

Major depression is a debilitating and recurrent disorder with a substantial lifetime risk and a
high social cost. Depressed patients generally display co-morbid symptoms, and depression …

Importance Perimenopause is accompanied by an increased risk of new and recurrent
depression. The coincidence of declining ovarian function with the onset of depression led …

Estrogens are reported to have both anxiogenic and anxiolytic properties. This dichotomous
neurobiological response to estrogens may be mediated by the existence of two distinct …

Worldwide, the incidence of major depressive disorder (MDD) is increasing annually,
resulting in greater economic and social burdens. Moreover, the pathological mechanisms …

Stress-related disorders such as anxiety and depression are disproportionately prevalent in
women. Women are more likely to experience depression and anxiety disorders during …

Postpartum depression (PPD) affects∼ 10–18% of women in the general population and
results in serious consequences to both the mother and offspring. We hypothesized that …

Estrogens have numerous effects on the brain, both in adulthood and during development.
These actions of estrogen are mediated by two distinct estrogen receptor (ER) systems, ER …

The unexpected discovery of a second form of the estrogen receptor (ER), designated ERβ,
surprised and energized the field of estrogen research. In the 9 yr since its identification, the …