Susceptibility and resilience to stress depend on 1) the timing of the exposure with respect to
development, 2) the time across the life span at which effects are measured, and 3) the …

Women have increased vulnerability to PTSD and anxiety disorders compared to men.
Understanding the neurobiological underpinnings of these disorders is critical for identifying …

Exposure to childhood adversity is common and a powerful risk factor for many forms of
psychopathology. In this opinion piece, we argue for greater translation of knowledge about …

Every day we are bombarded by stimuli that must be assessed for their potential for harm or
benefit. Once a stimulus is learned to predict harm, it can elicit fear responses. Such learning …

Epigenetic processes, including DNA methylation, change reliably with age across the
lifespan, such that DNA methylation can be used as an “epigenetic clock”. This epigenetic …

Learning that certain cues or environments predict threat enhances survival by promoting
appropriate fear and the resulting defensive responses. Adapting to changing stimulus …

Objectives: Trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are associated with
problematic parenting and incidence of trauma and PTSD in children of affected parents. In …

Abstract Purpose of Review This review examines the recent literature on biological factors
that influence sex differences in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) during childhood and …

Children make up over half of the world's migrants and refugees and face a multitude of
traumatic experiences prior to, during, and following migration. Here, we focus on migrant …

In this article, I describe how the current practice of classifying as a stressor any event that is
accompanied by a change in any of a number of biological or behavioral measures—even …