Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus are complicated metabolic diseases that affect multiple
organs and are characterized by hyperglycaemia. Currently, stable and effective treatments …

Background Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrinopathy among
reproductive age women. Although its cardinal manifestations include hyperandrogenism …

The central nervous system (CNS) receives information from afferent neurons, circulating
hormones, and absorbed nutrients and integrates this information to orchestrate the actions …

Insulin is the paramount anabolic hormone, promoting carbon energy deposition in the
body. Its synthesis, quality control, delivery, and action are exquisitely regulated by highly …

The two β-arrestins, β-arrestin-1 and-2 (systematic names: arrestin-2 and-3, respectively),
are multifunctional intracellular proteins that regulate the activity of a very large number of …

Insulin signalling in the central nervous system regulates energy homeostasis by controlling
metabolism in several organs and by coordinating organ crosstalk. Studies performed in …

Obesity is a major health crisis affecting over a third of the global population. This
multifactorial disease is regulated via interoceptive neural circuits in the brain, whose …

Obesity is associated with a chronic state of low-grade inflammation and progressive tissue
infiltration by immune cells and increased expression of inflammatory cytokines. It is …

Summary Interleukin 6 (IL-6) is a pleiotropic four-helix-bundle cytokine that exerts multiple
functions in the body. In the liver, IL-6 is an important inducer of the acute phase response …

The liver is an essential metabolic organ, and its metabolic activity is tightly controlled by
insulin and other metabolic hormones. Glucose is metabolized into pyruvate through …