Virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), mixed reality (MR), and extended reality (XR)
are examples of immersive technologies that have the potential to improve medical practice …

Objective Otolaryngology is a highly technical and demanding specialty and the
requirements for surgical trainees to acquire proficiency remains challenging. Simulation …

Neurosurgeons are faced with the challenge of planning, performing, and learning complex
surgical procedures. With improvements in computational power and advances in visual and …

The surgeon's knowledge of a patient's individual anatomy is critical in skull base surgery.
Trainees and experienced surgeons can benefit from surgical simulation; however, current …

Introduction Surgical simulators are designed to improve operative skills and patient safety.
Transcanal Endoscopic Ear Surgery (TEES) is a relatively new surgical approach with a …

The last few decades have seen an exponential growth in the development and adoption of
novel technologies in medical and surgical training of residents globally. Simulation is an …

Virtual reality has made numerous advancements in recent years and is used with
increasing frequency for education, diversion, and distraction. Beginning several years ago …

Background Advancement and evolution of current virtual reality (VR) surgical simulation
technologies are integral to improve the available armamentarium of surgical skill education …

Objective Current selection methods for neurosurgical residents fail to include objective
measurements of bimanual psychomotor performance. Advancements in computer-based …

Background Immersive technologies like virtual reality can enable clinical care that
meaningfully aligns with real-world deficits in cognitive functioning. However, options in …