Neural probes, as an invasive physiological tool at the mesoscopic scale, can decipher the
code of brain connections and communications from the cellular or even molecular level …

Understanding the neural basis of brain function and dysfunction and designing effective
therapeutics require high resolution targeted stimulation and recording of neural activity …

Conventional electronic and photonic devices are inherently 2D and rigid because of the
substrates on which they are fabricated. However, the world is not flat and stiff: There are …

Optical stimulation and imaging of neurons deep in the brain require implantable optical
neural probes. External optical access to deeper regions of the brain is limited by scattering …

Targeted light delivery into biological tissue is needed in applications such as optogenetic
stimulation of the brain and in vivo functional or structural imaging of tissue. These …

Optogenetics is highly useful to stimulate or inhibit defined neuronal populations and is often
used together with electrophysiological recordings. Due to poor penetration of light in tissue …

Control over the amplitude, phase, and spatial distribution of visible-spectrum light underlies
many technologies, but commercial solutions remain bulky, require high control power, and …

Electrical and optical biointerfaces have contributed considerably to understanding
biological systems. Recent advances in biocompatible materials, structure designs, and …

The success of devices such as cochlear implants and pacemakers has led to increasing
interest in new applications of artificial neural interfaces, ranging from brain–computer …

We present an implantable single-photon shank-based imager, monolithically integrated
onto a single CMOS IC. The imager comprises of 512 single-photon avalanche diodes …