Freezing of gait (FOG) is a common and debilitating, but largely mysterious, symptom of
Parkinson disease. In this review, we will discuss the cerebral substrate of FOG focusing on …

Here we review a role of a basal ganglia–brainstem (BG–BS) system throughout the
mesopontine tegmentum in the control of various types of behavioral expression. First the …

The objective of this study was to assess the temporal relationship between changes in
predominant motor symptoms and incident dementia in Parkinson's disease (PD). A …

In Parkinson's disease (PD), the loss of midbrain dopaminergic cells results in severe
locomotor deficits, such as gait freezing and akinesia. Growing evidence indicates that these …

This study demonstrated a significant loss of neurons within the lateral part of the
pedunculoponite nucleus pars compacta in individuals with idiopathic Parkinson's disease …

Significant loss of neurons in the pedunculopontine nucleus pars compacta (PPNc), a
putative cholinergic nucleus involved in modulating somatic motor activities, has been …

Many of the general concepts regarding the control of walking were described years ago by:
Sherrington (1906) Integrative Actions of the Nervous System. Yale University Press: New …

The recent discovery of an enzyme which can synthesize the free radical gas nitric oxide
(NO) from L-arginine has shed new light on a number of curious, and, at first glance …

In 1966, Shik, Severin and Orlovskii discovered that electrical stimulation of a region at the
junction between the midbrain and hindbrain elicited controlled walking and running in the …

Choline acetyltransferase immunohistochemistry showed that the human rostra1 brainstem
contained cholinergic neurons in the oculomotor, trochlear, and parabigeminal nuclei as …