Copper is an essential trace element in biological systems, maintaining the activity of
enzymes and the function of transcription factors. However, at high concentrations, copper …

ABSTRACT Selenoprotein GPX4 (glutathione peroxidase 4), originally known as PHGPX
(phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase), is the main oxidoreductase in the use …

Bone remodeling is tightly controlled by osteoclast-mediated bone resorption and osteoblast-
mediated bone formation. Fine tuning of the osteoclast–osteoblast balance results in strict …

The activating interplay of thrombosis and inflammation (thromboinflammation) has been
established as a major underlying pathway, driving not only cardiovascular disease but also …

Triglycerides, phospholipids, and cholesterol are prominent lipid types that serve diverse
biological functions. These lipids act as vital structural components of cell membranes …

Sepsis and septic shock driven by microbial infections are still among the most challenging
health problems, causing 11 million deaths worldwide every year. How does the host's …

Significance: As a redox-sensitive protein, high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is implicated
in regulating stress responses to oxidative damage and cell death, which are closely related …

COPD is predicted to become the third leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide
by 2030. Cigarette smoking (active or passive) is one of its chief causes, with about 20% of …

Dysregulated innate immunity participates in the pathomechanisms of disseminated
intravascular coagulation (DIC) in trauma-induced coagulopathy. Accidental and regulated …

Sepsis is defined as “a life‐threatening organ dysfunction caused by dysregulated host
systemic inflammatory and immune response to infection.” At present, sepsis continues to …