Pain diagnosis and management would benefit from the development of objective markers
of nociception and pain. Current research addressing this issue has focused on five main …

One of the current challenges in medicine is monitoring the patients' depth of general
anaesthesia (DGA). Accurate assessment of the depth of anaesthesia contributes to tailoring …

Background Inadequate analgesia during general anaesthesia may present as undesirable
haemodynamic responses. No objective measures of the adequacy of analgesia exist. We …

Background: The nociception level (NoL) index is an index of nociception based on
nonlinear combination of heart rate, heart rate variability, photoplethysmograph wave …

The aim of the present study was to develop and validate an objective index for nociception
level (NoL) of patients under general anesthesia, based on a combination of multiple …

Background: A novel multidimensional index of nociception, the nociception level (NoL)
index, derived from the nonlinear composite of heart rate (HR), HR variability, amplitude of …

Background Measurement of the balance between nociception and anti-nociception during
anaesthesia is challenging and not yet clinically established. The Surgical pleth index (SPI) …

Background: Surgical stress index (SSI), a novel multivariate index, has recently been
proven to react well to surgical nociceptive stimuli and analgesic drug concentration …

Although it is well known that pain induces changes in autonomic parameters, the extent to
which these changes correlate with the experience of pain is under debate. The aim of the …

Background The surgical stress index (SSI) is based on a sum of the normalized pulse beat
interval (PBI) and the pulse wave amplitude (PPGA) time series of the …