Abstract In June 2015, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) released a Guide notice (NOT-
OD-15-102) that highlighted the expectation of the NIH that the possible role of sex as a …

Despite their known importance in clinical medicine, differences based on sex and gender
are among the least studied factors affecting cancer susceptibility, progression, survival, and …

Background: Sex dimorphism strongly impacts tumor biology, with most cancers having a
male predominance. Uniquely, thyroid cancer (TC) is the only nonreproductive cancer with …

In somatic nuclei of female therian mammals, the two X chromosomes display very different
chromatin states: One X is typically euchromatic and transcriptionally active, and the other is …

Sexual identity and sexual orientation are independent components of a person's sexual
identity. These dimensions are most often in harmony with each other and with an …

The impact of two mouse models is reviewed, the Four Core Genotypes and XY* models.
The models are useful for determining if the causes of sex differences in phenotypes are …

This article reviews and integrates research on gender-related biological, cognitive, and
social processes that take place in or between family members, resulting in a newly …

Klinefelter syndrome (KS) is the most frequent chromosome disorder in males (1: 650
newborn males), defined by 47, XXY karyotype. The classical phenotype is that of a tall male …

Fundamental differences exist between males and females, encompassing anatomy,
physiology, behaviour, and genetics. Such differences undoubtedly play a part in the well …

Aging is by far the most prominent risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD), and both aging
and AD are associated with apparent metabolic alterations. As developing effective …