Abstract The climate of South America (SA) has long held an intimate connection with El
Niño, historically describing anomalously warm sea-surface temperatures off the coastline of …

Abstract Initialized Earth System predictions are made by starting a numerical prediction
model in a state as consistent as possible to observations and running it forward in time for …

El Niño and La Niña events in the tropical Pacific have significant and disrupting impacts on
the global atmospheric and oceanic circulation. El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) …

El Niño and Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is the most prominent year‐to‐year climate
fluctuation on Earth, alternating between anomalously warm (El Niño) and cold (La Niña) …

Summary The El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) causes climatic fluctuations in the tropics
and extratropics via atmospheric teleconnections. The anomalous Pacific sea surface …

Decadal climate prediction presumes there are decadal-timescale processes and
mechanisms that, if initialized properly in models, potentially provide predictive skill more …

Extensive research has improved our understanding and forecast of the occurrence,
evolution and global impacts of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). However, ENSO …

Abstract The El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a major component of the Earth's
climate that largely influences global climate variability through long‐distance …

Variability of North Tropical Atlantic (NTA) sea surface temperature (SST), characterized by a
near-uniform warming at its positive phase, is a consequential mode of climate variability …

A greater warming trend of sea surface temperature in the tropical Indian Ocean than in the
tropical Pacific is a robust feature found in various observational data sets. Yet this …