Opioids are the oldest and most potent drugs for the treatment of severe pain. Their clinical
application is undisputed in acute (eg, postoperative) and cancer pain, but their long-term …

The study of diverse animal groups allows us to discern the evolution of the neurobiology of
nociception. Nociception functions as an important alarm system alerting the individual to …

Agonists targeting the kappa opioid receptor (KOR) have been promising therapeutic
candidates because of their efficacy for treating intractable itch and relieving pain. Unlike …

Opioids are the most commonly used and effective analgesic treatments for severe pain, but
they have recently come under scrutiny owing to epidemic levels of abuse and overdose …

Menthol and other counterstimuli relieve itch, resulting in an antipruritic state that persists for
minutes to hours. However, the neural basis for this effect is unclear, and the underlying …

Kappa-opioid receptors (KOR) are widely expressed throughout the central nervous system,
where they modulate a range of physiological processes depending on their location …

The use of opioid medications on both an acute and chronic basis is ubiquitous in the United
States. As opioid receptors densely populate the gastrointestinal tract, symptoms and side …

The classic model of GPCR activation proposed that all agonists induce the same active
receptor conformation. However, research over the last decade has shown that GPCRs exist …

Kappa opioid receptor (KOR) is a member of the opioid receptor system, the G protein-
coupled receptors that are expressed throughout the peripheral and central nervous …

The level of wakefulness is one of the major factors affecting nociception and pain. Stress-
induced analgesia supports an animal's survival via prompt defensive responses against …